1999年美国炸毁中国大使馆 美国故意为之？【无评论】 [美国媒体]

In 1999, America Destroyed China's Embassy in Belgrade (And Many Chinese Think It Was on Purpose)

1999年美国炸毁中国大使馆  美国故意为之？



During NATO’s 1999 air war over Yugoslavia, the Atlantic alliance struck hundreds of targets over Serbia and Kosovo. Most were uncontroversial: air-defense sites, army headquarters and other military targets. The destruction of one target in particular, however, set off a wave of anti-Western—and anti-American in particular—protests half a world away. That target was the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.

1999年北约对南斯拉夫进行空袭，大西洋联盟袭击了塞尔维亚和科索沃数百个目标。大部分被攻击目标都没有出现问题：防空基地、陆军司令部等其他军事目标。然而，其中对其中一个目标的轰炸，激起了地球另一端强烈的反西方尤其是反美浪潮。那就是中国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆。

NATO’s bombing campaign began on March 24, 1999, after peace talks meant to stop the persecution of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo collapsed. Targets in both Yugoslavia and Kosovo were struck—first the Serb air defense network that opposed NATO planes, then a broader target array including Yugoslav army forces said to be directly involved in the persecution of Kosovars. The target list also included political-military targets inside the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade itself.

1999年3月24日，旨在阻止继续迫害科索沃阿族人的和平谈判破裂，北约开始了轰炸行动。南斯拉夫和科索沃的目标都遭受了轰炸：先是针对北约飞机的塞尔维亚防空网络，随后空袭目标扩大到包括南斯拉夫军队，据说南斯拉夫军队直接参与了对科索沃人的迫害。袭击目标还包括南斯拉夫国内的政治军事目标，其中就包括首都贝尔格莱德。

Overall, twenty-eight thousand bombs and other munitions were exploded over Yugoslavia, a country the size of Ohio. William Cohen, then secretary of defense, characterized Allied Force as “the most precise application of airpower in history.” Some five hundred civilians died in the bombing, a remarkably low number for such a high number of munitions expended. In its own account of the campaign, NATO stresses that targets were “carefully selected” and that “massive effort was made to minimise the impact of the air campaign on the Serb civilian population.”

280000枚炸弹和其他弹药在面积只有俄亥俄州大的南斯拉夫国土爆炸。时任美国国防部长的威廉•科恩称联军的这次轰炸是“史上空中力量最精确的应用”。轰炸共造成约500名平民丧生，在如此巨大的弹药消耗情况下，这个伤亡数字已经相当低了。北约自己的作战描述中强调，“为了尽量降低空袭对塞尔维亚平民的影响，目标都经过精心挑选，我们为此付出了巨大努力。”

Despite the seemingly extensive target vetting, on May 7 the Chinese embassy in Belgrade was struck by five Joint Directed Attack Munition satellite-guided bombs, delivered by U.S. Air Force B-2 Spirit bombers. Three Chinese journalists—Shao Yunhuan of Xinhua, and Xu Xinghu and his wife Zhu Ying of the Guangming Daily—were killed in the attack. Twenty other Chinese nationals were injured, five seriously.

尽管看起来北约进行了大量的目标核对工作，但在5月7日，中国驻南联盟大使馆却受到了美国空军B-2幽灵轰炸机上发射的五枚卫星制导炸弹的直接袭击。三名中国记者——新华社记者邵云环，光明日报记者许杏虎和他的妻子朱颖在袭击中身亡。另外20名中国公民受伤5人伤势严重。

In response, President Bill Clinton made a rare public apology to the China. Clinton gave his “profound condolences” to the Chinese, saying the attack was a mistake. NATO claimed it was acting on information that the embassy was actually the headquarters of the Yugoslav Federal Directorate for Supply and Procurement (FDSP).

作为回应，美国总统克林顿总统罕见地向中国公开道歉。克林顿对中方表示“深切的哀悼”，称这次袭击是一个错误。北约声称，根据他们得到的情报，大使馆的位置应该是南联盟军需供应采购局（FDSP）的总部。

In his detailed explanation to Chinese officials of the target selection process, Under Secretary of State Thomas Pickering stated that the United States believed it was striking a state-sponsored proliferator of missile parts to Libya and Iraq and a Yugoslav military logistics facility. Pickering blamed “multiple factors and errors” that stretched back to 1997, and cited three main failures: the flawed technique used to identify the FDSP building, the U.S. military and intelligence community’s complete lack of understanding of where the Chinese embassy was actually located, and the lack of vetting the FDSP’s location with anyone who actually knew better. As Pickering pointed out, although many U.S. and NATO diplomats must have actually visited the Chinese embassy in the four years since it moved, its new location had not been updated in “no-target” databases.

北约向中国官员详细解释目标选择过程时，美国国务卿托马斯•皮克林表示，美国认为打击的是国家资助的向利比亚和伊拉克提供导弹发射部件的机构，以及南斯拉夫的军事后勤设施。皮克林将问题归咎为追溯到1997年的“多种因素和错误”,并引用三个主要故障:识别南联盟军需供应采购局（FDSP）建筑的技术缺陷,美国军方和情报界对中国大使馆的实际位置完全缺乏了解,以及没有真正清楚南联盟军需供应采购局（FDSP）位置的人员进行审查。皮克林指出，尽管许多美国和北约外交官确实到过已经搬迁到这个地址四年的中国大使馆，但使馆的新位置在“非目标”数据库中没有更新。

Despite assurances that the attack was a mistake, a wave of anti-American protests spread across China, targeting the U.S. embassy in Beijing and consular facilities in other major cities. Tens of thousands of Chinese demonstrated in Beijing, and U.S. diplomatic buildings suffered damage from vandalism. Chinese authorities cordoned off the buildings from protesters, but otherwise allowed them to continue.

尽管北约保证这次袭击是个错误，但反美抗议活动浪潮在中国各地蔓延，目标就是美国驻北京大使馆和其他主要城市的领事机构。数以万计的中国人在北京示威，美国的外交大楼也遭到故意破坏。中国政府封锁了建筑禁止抗议者靠近，但是也就仅此而已。

Across China, the general consensus was that the destruction of the embassy in Belgrade was intentional. Even the Chinese government did not believe that the embassy was bombed because of an out-of-date map. The attack, intentional or not, tapped into a deep vein of anti-foreigner sentiment in China dating back hundreds of years. Chinese people, having lived their entire lives with the knowledge of unequal treaties, demands, and other aspects of colonialism forced upon a weak China, viewed the attack as yet another humiliation imposed by foreign powers. Much of the anti-Western sentiment was heartfelt.

全中国舆论一致，人们普遍认为，对中国驻南联盟大使馆的轰炸行为是故意的。就连中国政府也不相信因为大使馆被轰炸是因为一张过时的地图。无论是否故意，这次攻击都深深地激起了中国人民数百年来的反外情绪。中国人从生下来就知道强加给贫弱中国的不平等的条约、不平等要求和殖民主义，他们把这次袭击看作是外国列强加给中国的又一个耻辱。大部分反西方情绪都是发自内心的。

At the same time however, there was evidence that the Chinese Communist Party encouraged the anti-Western protests. Chinese authorities allegedly organized the protests through Communist Party cadres assigned to universities. Bottles, stones, bricks, paint and even Molotov cocktails were thrown at the U.S. embassy in Beijing. In Chengdu, the consul’s residence was set on fire. Given the tight control the Chinese Communist Party exerts over the country, it is difficult to imagine that the more violent protests were at least tacitly allowed to occur. Then again, it’s difficult to imagine that the vast U.S. military and intelligence apparatus could mistake an embassy with a traditional Chinese green tiled roof for a military logistical hub.

然而，与此同时有证据表明，中国政府纵容了反西方的抗议活动。据称，中国向大学派驻党员干部组织抗议活动。瓶子、石块、砖块、油漆，甚至燃烧瓶都被扔到了美国大使馆。在成都，领事住所被纵火。考虑到中国对国家的严格控制，很难想象会发生这么暴力的抗议活动，至少得到了政府默许。然而，同样很难想象，美国庞大的军事和情报机构会把中国传统的绿色屋顶的大使馆误认为军事后勤中心。

The rush to conspiracy on the part of China is in some ways understandable. There is no obvious reason why the Chinese embassy in Belgrade should be bombed, especially by an all-seeing and all-powerful American military. Simple stupidity simply can’t be the cause; terrible acts such as the bombing of the Chinese embassy must have equally terrible causes, such as a mysterious, racist, imperialist urge to once again humiliate the great Chinese people.

就中国而言，急于策划这场阴谋是可以理解的。中国驻南联盟大使馆被无故轰炸，而且还是全视、全能的美军轰炸的。这不是简单的愚蠢就能解释通的;轰炸中国大使馆这样的可怕行为，一定有同样可怕的原因，比如神秘的、种族主义的、帝国主义再次羞辱伟大的中国人民。

Yet to what end? There was no logical reason to intentionally bomb the embassy and provoke China, nor was there a great swelling of anti-Chinese feeling in America that would have provoked such an act. Ultimately, the conspiracy explanation lacks motive. Hanlon’s razor says it best: never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity.

什么目的呢?故意轰炸大使馆激怒中国，逻辑上讲不通呀，而且美国的反华情绪也没有膨胀到这种程度。这种阴谋论的解释，没有足够的动机。汉隆的剃刀说得最好：当用愚蠢足以解释时，就不要推测别人是有恶意的。