【新加坡《雅虎》】加州设计，中国制造：iPhone如何扭曲美国贸易逆差 [新加坡媒体]

The new iPhone X is pictured at the Apple Store Marche Saint-Germain in Paris, France, November 3, 2017. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier

2017年11月3日，新款的iPhone X在法国巴黎圣日耳曼的苹果商店里展示。路透社/ Benoit Tessier

SHANGHAI (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump often tweets from his iPhone about pressuring China to address its $375 billion trade surplus with the United States. But a closer look at the Apple smartphone reveals how the headline figure is distorted.

上海（路透社） - 美国总统唐纳德特朗普经常用他的iPhone发推特，对中国施压敦促其处理与美国高达3750亿美元的贸易顺差。但仔细看一下苹果智能手机的情况，就会发现这个整体数字是如何被扭曲的。

The big trade imbalance - at the heart of a potential trade war, with Trump expected to impose tariffs on Chinese imports this week - exists in large part because of electrical goods and tech, the biggest U.S. import item from China.

特朗普本周将对中国进口商品征收关税，巨大的贸易失衡是潜在的贸易战的核心，这在很大程度上是因为电子产品和技术 – 这是美国从中国进口的最大商品。

Apple Inc's iPhone, however, illustrates how a big portion of that imbalance is due to imports of American-branded products - many of which use global suppliers for parts but are put together in China and shipped around the world.

然而，苹果公司的iPhone却表明，这种不平衡的很大一部分是由于进口美国品牌产品造成的 - 其中许多产品使用全球供应商的零部件，但是它们是运到中国组装并出货到世界各地。

Take a look at the iPhone X. IHS Markit estimates its components cost a total of $370.25. Of that, $110 goes to Samsung Electronics in South Korea for supplying displays. Another $44.45 goes to Japan's Toshiba Corp and South Korea's SK Hynix for memory chips.

看看iPhone X。IHS Markit公司估计其零件总成本为370.25美元。其中，110美元是用于韩国三星电子供应的显示屏。另外44.45美元用在日本东芝公司和韩国SK海力士的存储芯片上。

Other suppliers from Taiwan, the United States and Europe also take their portion, while assembly, done by contract manufacturers in China like Foxconn, represents only an estimated 3 to 6 percent of the manufacturing cost.

来自台湾，美国和欧洲的其他供应商也参与其中，而由富士康等中国合同制造商完成的组装仅占制造成本的3％至6％。

Current trade statistics, however, count most of the manufacturing cost in China's export numbers, which has prompted global bodies like the World Trade Organization to consider alternative calculations that include where value is added.

然而，目前的贸易统计在计算中国的出口数据时包括了大部分制造成本，这促使像世界贸易组织这样的全球机构考虑另一种包括附加价值在内的计算方式。

The impact on export data of just the iPhone could be major.

iPhone对出口数据的影响可能很大。

Apple shipped 61 million iPhones to the United States last year, data from researchers Counterpoint and IHS Markit show, spending $258 on average to make each iPhone 7 and 7 Plus.

来自研究机构Counterpoint和IHS Markit的数据显示，苹果去年向美国出货了6100万部iPhone，平均每部iPhone 7和7 Plus花费258美元制造。

Using a rough calculation, that implies the iPhone 7 series added $15.7 billion to the U.S. trade deficit with China last year, about 4.4 percent of the total. That's also about 22 percent of the $70 billion in cell phones and household goods the U.S. imported from China.

粗略计算，这意味着iPhone 7系列使得去年美国对中国的贸易逆差增加了157亿美元，约占总数的4.4％。这也是美国从中国进口手机和家用物品的700亿美元中的22％。

"With an iPhone, where China is just the final assembler, most of the value (contributed by China) is just the labor rather than the components themselves," said John Wu, an economic analyst with a U.S.-based think tank, the Information & Innovation Foundation.

信息与创新基金会美国智库的一名经济分析师John Wu表示：“对于iPhone而言，中国只是最终的装配者，其大部分价值（由中国贡献的）仅仅是劳动力而不是零部件本身。” 

Louis Kuijs, head of Asia economics research at Oxford Economics, notes that U.S. companies' using global supply chains to manufacture products in China means other economies would be caught in the crossfire of a trade war.

牛津经济研究院亚洲经济研究部主任路易斯•库伊斯指出，美国公司利用全球供应链在中国制造产品意味着其他经济体将陷入贸易战的交火之中。

"That is an important reason why U.S.-China trade friction will cause 'collateral damage,' especially in other Asian economies," he said, adding that in value added terms, the U.S. trade deficit with China was only $239 billion last year, 36 percent lower than the headline number.

“为什么美中贸易摩擦会造成“间接损害”，这是一个重要原因，尤其是对于其他亚洲经济体而言。”他补充说，从增值的角度来看，美国去年与中国的贸易逆差仅为2390亿美元，比整体数字低36%。

For its part, Apple has responded to Trump's concerns with a pledge to bring some suppliers to the United States. It said in January it planned to pay $55 billion to U.S. suppliers this year.

就其本身而言，苹果对特朗普的担忧做出了回应，承诺将一些供应商带回到美国。它在1月份表示计划今年向美国供应商支付550亿美元。



DESIGNED IN CALIFORNIA

在加利福尼亚州设计

Over the last decade, Apple shipped 373 million iPhones, worth $101 billion by manufacturing value, in the United States, according to researcher StrategyAnalytics.

根据研究机构StrategyAnalytics的数据，在过去的十年里，苹果出货了3.73亿部iPhone，按美国制造业价值计算总共值1010亿美元。

The iPhone's contribution to U.S. trade deficits is almost certain to have grown sharply alongside higher retail prices and shipments.

iPhone对美国贸易逆差的贡献几乎肯定会随着更高的零售价格和出货量而大幅增长。

But the manufacturing value does not include the intellectual property value Apple adds through engineering and design work done in its headquarters in Cupertino, Calif., as well as margins taken by distributors.

但是，制造业价值并不包括知识产权价值，这部分价值是由苹果公司通过加利福尼亚州库比蒂诺总部的工程设计工作，以及分销商的利润增加的。

The iPhone X has a manufacturing cost of about $400, an $800 wholesale cost, and a $1,200 retail unsubsidized cost, according to analysts.

据分析师称，iPhone X的制造成本约为400美元，批发成本为800美元，零售补贴成本为1200美元。

Siri, Apple's "digital assistant," reflects the challenge of knowing exactly where the value of an iPhone comes from - even if it's put together in China. If users ask Siri where she is from, the response is: "Like it says on the box... I was designed by Apple in California."

苹果公司的“数字助理”Siri能解答这个疑问，即准确地知道iPhone的价值来自哪里- 即使它是在中国组装。如果用户询问Siri来自何处，回应是：“就像包装盒上说的那样......我是由加利福尼亚州的苹果公司设计的。

The closely intertwined manufacturing ecosystem has led to warnings that a trade war would be painful for all sides.

紧密交织在一起的制造业生态系统引发了一个警告，即贸易战对各方都是痛苦的。

For a graphic on U.S. imports from China click http://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com ... /us-china-trade.jpg

有关美国从中国进口的统计图，请点击http://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com ... /us-china-trade.jpg

Forty-five U.S. trade associations representing some of the largest U.S. companies urged the president on Sunday not to impose tariffs on China, warning it would be "particularly harmful" to the U.S. economy and consumers.

代表一些美国最大公司的45家美国贸易协会敦促总统不要在本周日对中国宣布征收关税，并警告说这对美国经济和消费者“特别有害”。

Retailers and shoemakers, including Wal-Mart Inc and Nike Inc, also sounded the alarm on Monday over concerns the plans would result in higher consumer prices.

包括沃尔玛公司和耐克公司在内的零售商和制鞋企业周一也敲响了警钟，认为这些计划会导致消费价格上涨。

A 10 percent tariff levied on Chinese electronics imports would slow the growth of U.S. output by $163 billion over the next 10 years, and a 25 percent tariff would slow output by $332 billion, according to the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation.

根据信息技术与创新基金会的数据，对中国电子产品进口征收10％的关税将使未来10年美国产出增长减缓1630亿美元， 25％关税将使产出减少3320亿美元。

Kuijs wrote that both sides would likely show restraint. All-out economic war, he added, "would cause major economic damage globally."

库伊斯写道，双方都应该可能会保持克制。他补充说，全面的经济战争“将导致全球范围内的重大经济损失。”



Commenter 3 days ago
The cost of the phone would skyrocket if manufacturing occurred in the US. Is it that hard to understand? If the cost is too high, the consumer will not buy it. It is simple economics that some people , including Trump, do not seem to understand.

如果制造业在美国进行，手机的成本就会猛涨。这很难理解吗？如果成本太高，消费者将不会购买它。包括特朗普在内的一些人似乎并不理解这简单的个道理。

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Anonymous 3 days ago
Anybody remember 12% inflation? Try to pull low profit manufacturing back into a nation with 4% unemployment and you're get a reminder.

有人记得12％的通货膨胀吗？试试把低利润的制造业拉回到这个失业率达到4％的国家，你们会记起来的。

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Somedude  3 days ago
fact of the matter is suppliers tend to locate near final assembly, because it reduces shipping time...If the plant was in N. America, then many of the suppliers would set up shop here as well..

事实上供应商倾向于落户在最终组装地点附近，因为它减少了运输时间......如果工厂建在北美，那么很多供应商也会在这里建厂..

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Anonymous 3 days ago
"Tariff" --- a tax paid by the purchaser. (that means you, MORONS).

“关税”---购买者支付的税。（就是意味着你们，一群傻子）。

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B 3 days ago
We should be thankful for cheap Chinese labor, considering that the government interferes greatly in the labor market here in the US.

考虑到政府对美国劳动力市场的干扰很大，我们应该感谢廉价的中国劳工。

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SPOOK 3 days ago
Apple has already moved functions to the U.S. and provides millions of jobs here. Think before we start isolating ourselves from the rest of the world.

苹果已经将职能部门转移到美国，并在这里提供了数百万个工作机会。在我们开始将自己与世界其他地方隔离之前，请好好考虑一下。

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Ray 3 days ago
This is among the dumbest articles I have ever read. It addresses nothing nor even restates anything. He is just explaining at a fairly ignorant level how trade works. Bring that plant back to the US and the imbalance goes down ... simple.

这是我读过的最愚蠢的文章之一。它什么都没有解决，甚至没有说明任何东西，他只是在一个相当无知的层面上解释贸易如何运作。把工厂带回美国，这种不平衡就会下降......就是这么简单。

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Mshnaya 3 days ago
Apple is a good example. China added value is the assembly, and probably the plastic parts and the printed circuit boards. All the high value electronics as well as the display components are made elsehwere in Asia for the extremely high precision and high density components. Almost all these countries have very high non-tariff barriers.

苹果是一个很好的例子。中国拿到的价值是组装，可能还有塑料部件和印刷电路板。所有高价值电子产品以及显示器元件都是亚洲其他生产高精度和高密度零件的地区制造的。几乎所有这些国家都有非常高的非关税壁垒。

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T N 3 days ago
American decision for the products that are made in china.

在中国制造的产品是在美国设计的。

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CoCo 3 days ago
Well, bring the manufacturing and assembling factory to the US ! That is what the President is hoping to achieve in putting tariffs to anything coming from China! Is that really too difficult to understand?

那么，就把制造业和组装工厂带到美国啊！总统向来自中国的任何商品征收关税就是希望实现这个目标！这真的那么难理解吗？

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I have Bigly words that I know. 3 days ago
Out of curiosity, I wonder how many of the people saying buy American, have an iPhone?

出于好奇，我想知道有多少人高喊买美国货，这些人有iPhone吗？

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Donald 3 days ago
the ultimate culprits of trade imbalance are South Korea and Japan.

贸易不平衡的罪魁祸首是韩国和日本。

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Anonymous 3 days ago
US Manufacturing is at an all-time high. Technology means it needs fewer workers.

美国制造业现在处于历史最高水平。技术意味着它需要更少的工人。

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Mark 3 days ago
Siri was designed by SRI in California and sold to Apple.

Siri是由加利福尼亚州的SRI设计然后卖给苹果的。

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Angry Pig 3 days ago
a lot of these Chinese imports are by American companies, where the profit goes, not the cheap Chinese labors.

很多这些从中国进口产品都是由美国公司设计的，也是利润大头所在，而不是廉价的中国劳工。